Throttle: Electrical vs. mechanical linkage | FerrariChat

Throttle: Electrical vs. mechanical linkage

Discussion in 'Technical Q&A' started by Far Out, Mar 4, 2010.

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  1. Far Out

    Far Out F1 Veteran

    Feb 18, 2007
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    #1 Far Out, Mar 4, 2010
    Last edited: Mar 4, 2010
    I talked with a friend today about that topic and remembered that there was some discussion going on here as well, started by the problems Toyota faces. There were some posts here and there with FChatters asking why modern cars use a sensor at the pedal and a motor at the throttle body and not the good old mechanical linkage. Said friend asked me the same question today, and here's the answer that might be of interest for some of you:

    • With mechanical linkage, you directly set the angle of the throttle body, which determines how much air the engine gets. The engine control has no choice but to deal with your setting, i.e. inject more fuel to keep the mixture at a ratio that burns, the torque increases, the car accelerates.
    • The sensor and motor system is fundamentally different: The pedal position does not have any direct mechanical equivalent any more. Instead, it is interpreted as an abstract torque demand. By interpreting the pedal position, the engine control knows how much torque (=force = acceleration) you desire and can decide how to set all the physical engine parameters (= position of throttle body, injection quantity, exhaust gas recirculation...) to fulfill your wish. It does not depend on the "hard" physical position of the throttle body any more, but can take any conditions into account to control the engine in an optimal way.

    Hope that clears things up - if you have any questions or additions, I'd love to hear them!
     
  2. dino clay

    dino clay Karting

    Oct 31, 2007
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    great reasoning but you would have to back it up w/the computer . This may be happening or not
     
  3. Rifledriver

    Rifledriver Three Time F1 World Champ

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    Elctronic throttles have simplified the design and helped eliminate a few other components in the system. Also it dramatically improves traction control function. It is really rather simple and makes more sense when you see its implementation and how well it integrates with other systems. I suspect it makes cruise control better and easier but that is not a factor so far here.
     
  4. mousecatcher

    mousecatcher Formula 3

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    #4 mousecatcher, Mar 4, 2010
    Last edited: Mar 4, 2010
    The throttle opening need not have quite as direct an effect as you state. Timing can be retarded, A/F can be allowed to lean out, cylinder(s) can be cut, *brakes can be applied*, etc. I guess I'm basically describing traction control. :)
     
  5. Far Out

    Far Out F1 Veteran

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    Of course there are still possibilites to influence what the engine does - I didn't want to confuse everybody more than necessary ;) The point is that a mechanical system leads to a fixed position of the throttle body. That position has a *very* big influence on how the engine runs, and if the control can't change it, it is likely that the engine doesn't run as good as it could if the control was able to tune *all* the parameters.
     
  6. KKRace

    KKRace Formula 3

    Aug 6, 2007
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    Not to mention allowing a mechanical device to instantly shut the butterfly on the throttle body creates all kinds of emmisions from unburnt fuel.
     
  7. Paul_308

    Paul_308 Formula 3

    Mar 12, 2004
    2,345
    The TOYOTA problems are BOGUS as far as the pedal problem. There have been instances of the cruise control taking off and the reported problems with the pedal only occurred in cars with cruise control.

    The little reported fact is the software in the cruise control caused ALL issues and Toyota is changing the computer chips while throwing the blame on the silly pedal.
     
  8. smg2

    smg2 F1 World Champ
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    I'll throw in my thoughts. The increase in servos and actuators that remove the 'direct mechanical' link is an advantage to the 'system' and inversely a disadvantage to the driver.

    I had a new Audi that decided to cut control to the throttle due to a ground short in the alarm system. Only problem was that I was towing uphill in the mountains and suddenly without warning the Q slows and drifts. I'm left with steering and brakes that are vague as that too is servo controlled. Sure these systems help with emissions and lower risk of damage to the drive train but at the sacrifice of driver safety. loss of control is HUGE problem I see going into the future of the automobile.

    When you have a 4,000+lb vehicle traveling down the road with steering, throttle and brake controlled by ECU's it's an open invite to increased auto accidents.
     
  9. Mitch Alsup

    Mitch Alsup F1 Veteran

    Nov 4, 2003
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    Why would the ECU not also cut the fuel as it cuts the throttle?
     
  10. FerrariDublin

    FerrariDublin F1 Rookie

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    Yes, this is my understanding also. 50% call on potentiometer at accelerator pedal does not necessarily translate into 50% open butterfly valve in throttle body. ECU determines best setting of valve dependent on engine RPM and sets accordingly. Greater air velocity for example can be achieved with a smaller valve opening. Cool isn't it?
     
  11. mk e

    mk e F1 World Champ

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    I'm pretty sure it's a one sided offset so under normal conditions there is a direct relationship to the throttle plate and the ecu only has the power to reduce the throttle setting. Allowing the ecu to open the throttle beyond the pedal setting would be very unsafe.

    The only way to make cruise control work is to let the ecu open the throttle a little but this requires some serious software testing to be sure there is no condition that the ecu will decide to slam the throttle open….and this has to be the problem with the Toyota, most people aren’t going to describe a stuck throttle as anything except a stuck throttle, the words “unintended acceleration” imply the throttle opened all by itself to me.
     
  12. mk e

    mk e F1 World Champ

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    It would by default as the ecu's main mission is to match the fuel to the air. Generally most modern ecus cut the fuel supply completely during deceleration.
     
  13. FerrariDublin

    FerrariDublin F1 Rookie

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    No, there should be no question of the ECU ever opening the valve by a greater proportion that that called for by the accelerator pedal but often times opening it (at least initially) by a lower proportion.
     
  14. mk e

    mk e F1 World Champ

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    #14 mk e, Mar 7, 2010
    Last edited: Mar 7, 2010
    I thing we are saying the same thing.

    Although cruise control does mean the ecu has the power to open the throttle....which alway scares me a little.
     
  15. Far Out

    Far Out F1 Veteran

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    Direct injection engines with stratified charge technology fully open the throttle in that mode to reduce gas exchange losses.

    In today's engines, even a failure leading to a fully open throttle is completely safe (ie doesn't lead to unwanted acceleration) as long as the ECU doesn't use the throttle position as a command variable for the injection quantity - which they don't do, IIRC. The signal path is

    Torque demand -> ECU -> Throttle position/injection quantity

    and not

    Throttle postion -> ECU -> Injection quantity.
     

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